Successes and failure of jinnah being Gov-Gen of Pakistan.

the new state survived against all odds: Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's biggest achievement as Governor-General of Pakistan was ensuring the country's survival against all odds. Many Indian and British officials doubted Pakistan's longevity, but Jinnah's determination and leadership skills proved them wrong. he became the chief executive, and tirelessly worked to make sure Pakistan survived, he setup the first cabinet, with Liaquat Ali khan as the PM. he developed foreign and educational policies for Pakistan. brought administrative reforms and established the first constituent assembly focused on developing pakistans constitution.

handling millions of refugees: more than 10million people including children old and women migrated to Pakistan with no money and belongings. this refugee problem was very expensive for pakistan. Jinnah setup a Quaid-e-Azam relief fund, to help resettle these people. Jinnah appealed to rich and wealthy people in Pakistan to donate generously. he visited the settlements frequently to speed up the process, toured provinces motivating and convincing people to help. as a result of his tireless efforts, no major crisis took place.

establishment of the new Government: Jinnah realised that Pakistan cant survive without proper administrative govt. as a result he immediately made Liaqat ali PM and made a cabinet of 6 under him. liaquat ali was an experienced politician. Jinnah made karachi the capital of Pakistan and Special arrangements were made to bring experienced officials who chose to move from India to Pakistan on special trains and Services airPlanes. Jinnah successfuly laid the foundation of govt.

economic and cash crisis: Pakistan immediately faced a cash crisis when india refused to pay 550million rs. this put a lot of strain on Pakistan with already its refugee crisis. Jinnah persuaded the indian government and was successful in releasing 500million. it was a success.

However some issues couldnt be solved

kashmir issue: Jinnah wasnt able to solve Kashmir issue in the favour of Pakistan even though he fought a war over it and convinced UN to intervene, still no proper solution was reached. this was a failure as Kashmir is still an issue to this day.

canal water dispute: when pakistan partitioned all the rivers in pakistan had their waterheads in India. india stopped the supply of water and demanded pak to pay. Jinnah cudnt resolve this issue

The 14 Points were Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s greatest achievement in the years 1929 to 1947.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [14].

1. Jinnah's 14 Points (1929):
   • Set out Muslim demands for future negotiations
   • Formed the basis for Muslim League's separate homeland demand
   • Promoted the two-nation theory (Hindus and Muslims as separate nations)
   • Gained British support for this viewpoint
2. Muslim League Reforms (post-1937):
   • Jinnah reformed the League at grassroots level as it lost the election of 1937.
   • Muslim league’s membership grew by mid-1938
   • This growth was crucial for British recognition
   • Helped establish League as a powerful political force
3. Lahore Conference (1940):
   • Led to the Pakistan Resolution
   • Made partition a non-negotiable demand
   • League would only accept solutions involving partition
4. British Negotiations:
   • Jinnah Opposed Cripps Mission's Dominion status proposal
   • Helped British understand importance of protecting Muslim interests
5. Gandhi-Jinnah Talks (1944):
   • Though unsuccessful, established League's importance
   • Demonstrated League's authority in representing Muslims
   • Made Congress recognize League's significance
6. Final Outcome:
   • Continued pressure from League and Jinnah
   • Led to 3 June Plan (1947)
   • Resulted in creation of separate states - India and Pakistan